100 x Urine Test Strips for Infection Cystitis Testing Sticks, UTI, Nitrite, Leukocytes, 8 Parameter Urinalysis Multisticks

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Of the routine chemical tests performed on urine, the most indicative of renal disease is the protein determination. Proteinuria is often associated with early renal disease, making the urinary protein test an important part of any physical examination. Normal urine contains very little protein, usually less than 100–300mg/L or 100mg per 24 hours is excreted. This protein consists primarily of low-molecular-weight serum proteins that have been filtered by the glomerulus and proteins produced in the genitourinary tract. Due to its low molecular weight, albumin is the major serum protein found in the plasma, the normal urinary albumin content is low because the majority of albumin presented in the glomerulus is not filtered, and much of the filtered albumin is reabsorbed by the tubules. Other proteins include small amounts of serum and tubular microglobulins. Uromodulin produced by the renal tubular epithelial cells and proteins from prostatic, seminal, and vaginal secretions. Uromodulin is routinely produced in the distal convoluted tube, and forms the matrix of casts.

a b c Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.73–75. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. It was only towards the end of the 18th century that doctors interested in chemistry turned their attention to the scientific basis of urinalysis and to its use in practical medicine. Mousseau J (2001) Contamination of urine specimens from women with acute dysuria did not differ with collection technique. Evidence Based Nursing; 4: 46. Routine medical evaluation: general yearly screening, assessment before surgery (preoperative assessment), admission to hospital, screening for kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension ( high blood pressure), liver disease, etc.

The presence of blood in the urine is, of all the parameters normally tested, the one that is most closely related with traumatic damage to the kidneys or the genitourinary tract. The most common causes of hematuria are: nephrolithiasis, glomerular disease, tumours, pyelonephritis, exposure to nephrotoxins, and treatment with anticoagulants. Non-pathological hematuria can be observed after strenuous exercise and during menstruation. The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [13] Combining the results of leukocyte (WBC) and nitrite is a better predictor of the presence or absence of urinary tract infection, than any one test parameter alone. 2 Causes of raised urinary pH include urinary tract infection, conditions that cause metabolic alkalosis (e.g. vomiting) and medications (e.g. diuretics).

The presence of increased levels of urobilinogen in the urine can be caused by haemolysis (e.g. haemolytic anaemia, malaria). Catheter specimen of urine: collected for bacteriological examination if a patient’s symptoms suggest the presence of a UTI. The sampling technique used for collection is important (Baillie and Arrowsmith, 2005). Presence or absence of each of these color changes on the strip provides important information for clinical decisions.

Urine test strips in the sense used today were first made on industrial scale and offered commercially. Urine production is the process of eliminating waste products and toxic substances to maintain fluid balance in the body ( McLafferty et al, 2014). Urinalysis using a reagent test strip ( Figure 1) is an inexpensive, simple and non-invasive procedure to assess the health status of an individual by measuring elements found in the urine such as electrolytes, hormones or waste products of metabolism ( Yates, 2016). False positive reactions can be due to unusual pigments in the urine (for example, yellowy orange phenazopyridine metabolites, indican and the metabolites of the medicine Lodine ( Etodolac)). False negatives can also be given by poorly stored samples as the bilirubin is photosensitive and undergoes photo oxidation to biliverdin when it is exposed to light, or hydrolysis of the glucuronide can occur producing free bilirubin which is less reactive. [6] Urobilinogen test [ edit ]

The detection of urinary bilirubin is an early indication of liver disease and its presence or absence can be used to determine the causes of clinical jaundice. Graff, Laurine (1987). "2". Análisis de orina - Atlas Colour (in Spanish) (1ªed.). Ed. Médica Panamericana. p.59. ISBN 978-950-06-0841-1 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. Urinalysis is commonly used to diagnose a urinary tract or kidney infection, to evaluate causes of kidney failure, to screen for progression of some chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure ( hypertension).Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of old red blood cells. It is normally removed from the blood by the liver. Its presence in the urine may be a sign of liver disease. Sahnan, Kapil; Blakey, Sarah; Ball, Kathryn; Bagenal, Jessamy; Patel, Biral (January 2013). "I went to the urologist and this is what I brought". Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 95 (1): 43–44. doi: 10.1308/147363513x13500508918656. The urine test strip test for specific gravity is based on the change in dissociation constant (pK a) of an anionic polyelectrolyte (poly-(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride)) in an alkali medium that is ionised and releases hydrogen ions in proportion to the number of cations present in the solution. [6] The greater the cation concentration of the urine the more hydrogen ions are released, thereby reducing the pH. The pad also includes bromothymol blue, which measures this change in pH. [6] [8] It should be remembered that the test strip only measures cation concentration, it is therefore possible that urine with a high concentration of non-ionic solutes (such as glucose or urea) or with high molecular weight compounds (such as the media used to provide radiographic contrast) will yield a result that will be erroneously lower than that measured by densitometry. The colours vary from dark blue with a reading of 1.000 to yellow for a reading of 1.030. [8] [9] drinking lots of water and sugar-free fluids. It is unknown exactly how effective this is for treating cystitis, but many people find it helpful. The idea behind this is that more water passing through your bladder can help flush out the infection

The presence of red blood cells, haemoglobin and myoglobin in the urine may indicate urinary tract infection, renal stones, injury to the urinary tract, myoglobinuria ( rhabdomyolysis), nephritic syndrome and malignancy of the urinary tract.

Assays

Under normal conditions nearly all the glucose removed in the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. If the blood glucose level increases, as happens in diabetes mellitus, the capacity of the convoluted tubule to reabsorb glucose is exceeded (an effect known as renal reabsorption threshold). For glucose this threshold is between 160–180mg/dL. Glucose concentrations vary in an individual, and a healthy person can present with transitory glucosuria after a meal high in sugars; therefore the most representative results come from samples obtained at least two hours after food is eaten. The blood reagent square indicates the amount of red blood cells, haemoglobin and myoglobin in the urine: Urine test strips can be used in many areas of the healthcare chain including screening for routine examinations, treatment monitoring, self-monitoring by patients and/or general preventive medicine. Bilirubin is a highly pigmented compound that is a by-product of haemoglobin degradation. The haemoglobin that is released after the mononuclear phagocyte system (located in the liver and spleen) withdraws old red blood cells from circulation is degraded into its components; iron, protoporphyrin and protein. The system's cells convert the protoporphyrin into unconjugated bilirubin that passes through the circulatory system bound to protein, particularly albumin. The kidney is unable to filter out this bilirubin as it is bound to protein, however, it is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to form water-soluble conjugated bilirubin. This conjugated bilirubin does not normally appear in the urine as it is excreted directly from the intestine in bile. Intestinal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to urobilinogen, which is later oxidised and either excreted with the faeces as stercobilin or in the urine as urobilin.