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Oran DP, Topol EJ (September 2020). "Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 173 (5): 362–367. doi: 10.7326/M20-3012. PMC 7281624. PMID 32491919. Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality. [329] These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health. [330] Symptoms of Coronavirus". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020 . Retrieved 18 June 2020. Several laboratories and companies have developed serological tests, which detect antibodies produced by the body in response to infection. Several have been evaluated by Public Health England and approved for use in the UK. [170] Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, Wade RG (23 June 2020). "The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries". PLOS ONE. 15 (6): e0234765. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1534765G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234765. PMC 7310678. PMID 32574165. S2CID 220046286.

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Xu L, Liu J, Lu M, Yang D, Zheng X (May 2020). "Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections". Liver International. 40 (5): 998–1004. doi: 10.1111/liv.14435. PMC 7228361. PMID 32170806.CDC (11 February 2020). "Post-COVID Conditions". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Retrieved 12 July 2021.

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Fungal infections such as aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis and mucormycosis have been recorded in patients recovering from COVID‑19. [75] [76] Cause July 2, 2020:The United Kingdom changed its methodology to avoid double-counting positive cases. This change, along with a historical revision of data, resulted in a decrease of more than 30,000 cases.

Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID‑19 and those who suspect they have been infected. Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation. [255] Many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations. The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high-risk groups. [256] Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID‑19 and those who have recently travelled to a country or region with the widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure. [257] International travel-related control measures Most scientists believe the virus spilled into human populations through natural zoonosis, similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history. [399] [400] According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change several social and environmental factors including climate change, natural ecosystem destruction and wildlife trade increased the likelihood of such zoonotic spillover. [401] [402] One study made with the support of the European Union found climate change increased the likelihood of the pandemic by influencing distribution of bat species. [403] [404] Italy had its first confirmed cases on 31 January 2020, two tourists from China. [442] Italy overtook China as the country with the most deaths on 19 March 2020. [443] By 26 March the United States had overtaken China and Italy with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world. [444] Research on coronavirus genomes indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in New York came from European travellers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country. [445] Retesting of prior samples found a person in France who had the virus on 27 December 2019, [446] [447] and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6 February 2020. [448] a b c Communicable Diseases Network Australia. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): CDNA National Guidelines for Public Health Units". 5.1. Communicable Diseases Network Australia/Australian Government Department of Health.

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a b Córdoba-Vives S, Peñaranda G (April 2020). "COVID-19 y Embarazo". Medical Journal of Costa Rica (in Spanish): 629. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021 . Retrieved 14 February 2022. As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person first becomes infected and the appearance of the first symptoms. The median delay for COVID-19 is four to five days [50] possibly being infectious on 1-4 of those days. [51] Most symptomatic people experience symptoms within two to seven days after exposure, and almost all will experience at least one symptom within 12 days. [50] [52]

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Tocilizumab has been included in treatment guidelines by China's National Health Commission after a small study was completed. [506] [507] It is undergoing a Phase II non-randomised trial at the national level in Italy after showing positive results in people with severe disease. [508] [509] Combined with a serum ferritin blood test to identify a cytokine storm (also called cytokine storm syndrome, not to be confused with cytokine release syndrome), it is meant to counter such developments, which are thought to be the cause of death in some affected people. [510] The interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist was approved by the FDA to undergo a Phase III clinical trial assessing its effectiveness on COVID‑19 based on retrospective case studies for the treatment of steroid-refractory cytokine release syndrome induced by a different cause, CAR T cell therapy, in 2017. [511] There is no randomised, controlled evidence that tocilizumab is an efficacious treatment for CRS. Prophylactic tocilizumab has been shown to increase serum IL-6 levels by saturating the IL-6R, driving IL-6 across the blood–brain barrier, and exacerbating neurotoxicity while having no effect on the incidence of CRS. [512] a b c "Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020 . Retrieved 31 July 2022. In November 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorisation for the investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID‑19. [501] Bamlanivimab is authorised for people with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing who are twelve years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88lb), and who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID‑19 or hospitalisation. [501] This includes those who are 65 years of age or older, or who have chronic medical conditions. [501]